Reflection in Philippine Literature

Following 7 years I proceeded with my investigations, I am energized on the principal day of school, in light of the fact that for me this new test in my life, My first subject is â€Å"Philippine Literature in English (Phil. lit. )†, there was a woman entered in our study hall, I think she was likewise one of the understudies, however I'm off-base she is our educator, on the grounds that the instructor sit in work area and demonstrated that she is our educator in that subject, Ms. Marites Nillo was her name, â€Å"a basic lady however charming† I said to myself. Philippine writing alludes to all writing from the Philippines, written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and an assortment of other Philippine dialects. Philippine writing prospered during the Spanish time frame (nineteenth century) and the primary portion of the twentieth century. The writing of the Philippines covers an assortment of types, most strikingly verse and metrical sentiments, exposition, shows, strict dramatizations, and mainstream dramatizations. Philippine writing is the way to find reality of my self. As a rule seeing what is actuality from fiction is truly befuddling. It hushes up hard to discern whether a specific thing comes clean or it is only an entire untruth, distribution of reality, made so as to trick. Philippine writing is a spring leading group of reality that is passed on from age to age by our precursors which is given to us with care. The explanation is that if the fact of the matter is controlled, reality will never be reality any more yet only such an information. There is a truism that all facts are information yet not all information is truth. I have discovered that Philippine writing has presented to me the acknowledgment of esteeming the feeling of being of a genuine Filipino, notwithstanding what have occurred in our history that we are once captives of the outside trespassers. In any case, the quest for satisfaction edifies the hearts of the Filipinos into the light of another country. The rich social legacy of our predecessors has thought me a great deal of things about the lifestyle. For example the alamat The root of things and occasions that generally describes about the beginning of man, the importance of life, the consistent inquiry of reality and the significant importance of life that bathala has brought us. This thing truly interests me and gives me the atisfaction of looking for increasingly about an amazing significance through the lives of our progenitors and the association of their lives to my life. I have gained likewise from their models and insightful colloquialisms, that has been developed however their difficulties. These encounters regularly educate about down to earth thinking and its application to life, that a large portion of the Filipino are utilizing now as a manual for day by day living. I likewise figured out how to make Elegy, and the fact of the matter is after I submitted Elegy I disposed of it, since I don’t need to believe that what somebody state when I was dead. One genuine case of a shrewd saying is: nasa Diyos ang awa nasa tao ang gawa. (God helps those individuals who help them selves. ) This adage gives me the motivation that even before the hour of our progenitors they as of now have the impression of the presence of a one genuine God, who has the ability to do signs and ponders in our life. That is the reason we have figured out how to implore and continually soliciting God’s help in all affliction from our life with the goal for us to be a gainful resident of our country. This reality implies that our precursors have as of now the feeling of strictness that in life there ought to be somebody that is more prominent than us, in life there is actually the awesome hand that is continually directing us in everything that we are doing and things that we are attempting to accomplish. There have been some very much regarded Filipino writers throughout the entire existence of the Philippines, especially writers, for example, Jose Rizal, whose composition during the Spanish pilgrim time assisted with preparing and change the thinking about the Filipino individuals against the Spanish in their success of the nation and offer pride to the Filipino individuals. It was the disputable compositions of Rizal that turned into a factor in his execution by the Spanish. The Philippines, having been under Spanish standard for almost three centuries, changed hands to American principle following the Spanish-American War and a great deal of the writing that followed gave a genius Hispanic topic as the nation adjusted to life under American guideline, around then inclining toward life under Spanish standard. Additionally I found out about the other National Heroes did in our nation, as Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno, they are the main in Propaganda Movement. The investigation of writing during this period (the twentieth and 21st Century compositions) gives entrancing knowledge to the change that was going on in the Philippines and how the Filipino individuals were managing this. Along these lines the investigation of Philippine writing is quite an investigation of part of the historical backdrop of both Spain and America and shows how the Filipino individuals identified with these nations. The works likewise point to the personality of the Filipino individuals during this time and their battle to have a free character under the burden of remote rulers. I have understood that Philippine writing has impacted me so much that it turned into my perspective and feeling toward the energy about the excellence of life. Actually, in all actuality Philippine writing exists in the deepest seat of my heart. What's more, nobody would ever remove it from me. It implies that I am a Filipino in thought, words and in real life is the consequence of my encounters of Philippine writing in my life. This motivation has helped me to find reality of my deepest self.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

The board - Essay Example The constitution of Italy was embraced in 1947, after a submission on 2 June 1946 that annulled the Italian government and set up Italy as a parliamentary republic. The constitution produced results January 1, 1948. The 1948 constitution made the situation of President to satisfy the formal jobs of the Italian government. The nation is separated into areas, territories and districts. The are 20 locales, which are separated into 95 provinces.â For a significant long time Australia and Italy has great relations with one another which are supported by solid network ties which has prompted the improvement of solid exchange and speculation and social connections among the two nations. Numerous respective understandings have been closed among Australia and Italy covering numerous territories, for example, culture, twofold tax assessment, air administrations, monetary and business collaboration, equal government managed savings and medicinal services advantages, and film co-creation. Numerous notices of comprehension (MoUS) have been marked in zones, for example, science and innovation participation, barrier materiel, resistance industry, engine vehicle wellbeing confirmation, game meat fares and exchange collaboration. The relations between the two nations can be demonstrated by the quantity of significant level visits made by the nation agents. Remote Minister Alexander Downer visited Rome for two-sided gatherings with Foreign Minister Massimo D’Alema, the Minister for European Policies and International Trade, Emma Bonino, and the Minister for the Interior Giuliano Amato.â An Australian Parliamentary Delegation headed by President of the Senate, Senator the Hon Paul Calvert, visited in 2005, and met with the Italian Presiding officers. The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Neil Andrew, met his Italian partner Pierferdinando Casini in Rome throughout the mid year of 2003. The Prime Minister, John Howard, visited Italy in July 2002, meeting at that point

Medical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clinical morals - Essay Example Somewhat I would order myself as a mainstream humanist and accept that moral choices ought to be founded on firm rationale and moral hypothesis, rather than strict tenet. One of the significant issues of in clinical morals has been the topic of whether people in serious and life-finishing agony ought to have the option to submit willful extermination. At present, people, for example, Dr. Jack Kevorkian have been detained for rehearsing killing. I accept this ought not happen. I object totally to the idea that people in such circumstances ought not have the choice of ending their life. I accept that if an individual is plainly in a solid degree of agony and their life will be impeded past happiness and wellbeing, at that point the individual ought to be given the alternative of consummation their reality. Moreover, permitting strict tenet to direct clinical morals is a perilous incline, wherein progress and extraordinary consideration might be undermined due to obsolete

The globalisation of trade Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The globalization of exchange - Literature survey Example For instance, Starbuck was one American organization which had cafés for all intents and purposes in each side of America before the presentation of globalization. Since their activities were soaked in America, they battled a great deal to discover enough space in America for extension. Globalization helped them to grow their activities to abroad nations. In short globalization helped worldwide or culturally diverse exchange to build a ton. Globalization of exchange brought numerous chances and difficulties. A few people contend that universal exchange helped nations to pull in increasingly remote direct ventures with the goal that their economy began develop quickly. They refer to India and China like nations as guides to show how well a nation can use globalization openings. Truth be told China contradicted the â€Å"global financial request, political request and the major worldwide organizations, for example, the IMF and the World Bank before the changes began in China† ( Overholt, 2005, p.3). Be that as it may, they immediately understood the conceivable outcomes of worldwide exchange and globalization. It ought to be noticed that these two most intensely populated nations on the planet have been battling for development before the presentation of globalization. Their gigantic populace size was a revile or hindrance before their battle for development. Be that as it may, globalization helped these nations to change over this populace hindrance into a gift. As such, these nations are at present the suppliers of labor for global market where labor lack is a major issue. â€Å"During 1997â€2005, China’s normal yearly development rate in genuine GDP was 8.9%. During the gauge time of 2005â€2010, it was expected that the PRC proceeded with its recorded development pattern of 8.9% per year† (Mai et al, 2010, p.5). In addition, â€Å"the PRC’s sends out increment by about 46%and imports by about 45% comparative with their indivi dual gauge levels in 2010†(Mai et al, 2010, p.7). As indicated by Albert Keidel (2008), China’s economy will outperform that of the United States by 2035 and be twice its size by midcentury (Keidel, 2008). Indian economy likewise demonstrated comparable patterns during the most recent couple of decades because of globalization of exchange. The globalization of exchange has guaranteed the spot of worldwide. It has been recommended that the job of such firms is to produce riches, make work and increase the expectation of living in the nations wherein they work. Nonetheless, pundits of globalization recommend that worldwide organizations regularly misuse physical assets and exploit work in nations where legitimate prerequisites might be less severe than in their own nations. This paper basically talks about this announcement giving contentions to and against the globalization of exchange, accepting India and China as significant models. Diagram of monetary development in I ndia and China It is frequently said that worldwide riches is right now moving from the less intensely populated American and European districts to the more vigorously populated Asian locale as a result of globalization. The above contention is by all accounts right when one would consider the monetary statuses of India and China before the presentation of globalization. The way of life and per capita pay of Indians and Chinese individuals have expanded a great deal in the previous scarcely any decades. Besides, joblessness issues in these nations were descended a ton in the ongoing past. It ought to be noticed that universal

Things to Write a Narrative Essay About

Things to Write a Narrative Essay AboutThere are lots of things to write a narrative essay about. A narrative essay is an essay that tells a story, usually as a testimony or history of some sort. It is a type of essay that is not, by its very nature, formal.One of the things to write a narrative essay about is someone you know. Maybe your best friend has recently left for college and moved out of state, and you want to tell him/her a story of how they met and went their separate ways. Or maybe you want to write about something that happened to you that might not have happened if it weren't for that person. Whatever the case, the things to write a narrative essay about can be about any individual or group of people.A number of other things are common to narrative essays in the literary form. That is why they are called narrative. For example, you might say, 'Just before the incident, I had purchased a new chair to my favorite chair, a comfortable seat in the same house for several yea rs. I brought it home with me to use as a reading chair and sat and read, one Sunday morning, as I had intended to do, when suddenly my husband returned from church with a kitchen knife in hand, and, you guessed it, stabbed me.'This is a good story. But this is also a story about something that happened to a person. A first person narrative, a narrative within a narrative, is also called a monologue.Some more things to write a narrative essay about are personal journaling or an event described by another person as part of a conversation or story. Your reader might be able to tell the story and relate it to you as a whole, in which case you would write something like, 'When I was fifteen, I met a girl, a bright young woman, and wehad a beautiful little friendship.'In these examples, your reader has two different perspectives - yours and the person who wrote the story. If the writer is a child, then you have the perspective of the parent, since you're sure that they would like to shar e the story with you.Another thing to write a narrative essay about would be from the perspective of another who is telling a different set of different stories. The things to write a narrative essay about could be what another's perspective is on a given issue, a personal experience that is recounted and described. This could be anything from your relationship with your father to your childhood experiences with a dog.The things to write a narrative essay about are the stories of another's life. They are not a formal structure, nor should they be. Narrative essays are a way to communicate that another's life has a shape and a significance and worth.

The Takeaway Wk of 3/15/15

HomeCurated ArticlesThe Takeaway: Wk of 3/15/15This page may contain affiliate links.Mar 25, 2015Here’s a summary of important articles  from the past week  that may give you more insight into the world of college life, admissions, financing, and parenting. I Got In, But I Cant Afford It-Was All My Hard Work For Nothing?  Ã‚  Ã‚      The  R2C  Takeaway:  A high achieving high school senior bemoans the fact that she, and others like her are not able to go to the schools of their choice because the middle class is getting squeezed out.    Ive Been Waitlisted. Now What? The  R2C  Takeaway:  For colleges to which you applied regular decision, admissions notifications are being sent. What does it mean if you find out youre waitlisted? Its harder to receive a waitlist notification than to be denied admission to a college. If youre in college admissions limbo land move forward as if you’ve been rejected. Why? Because the math generally isn’t in your favor. Its unlikely youll be admitted off the waitlist, and if so, often with little financial aid except for loans. Gilding the Sheepskin The R2C Takeaway: This review of Frank Brunis recent book, Where You Go Is Not Who Youll Be is by and large a positive one. By citing many examples, Mr. Bruni does a convincing job of proving that students who attend non-Ivy schools have just as much of a chance of succeeding as those who do attend. A major complaint from the reviewer is that the author does not stress how wasteful it is to spend a lot of money on a mediocre school.    Beyond Texting: What Teens Really Do Behind the Wheel The  R2C  Takeaway:  The things that some witnesses have seen teens doing while they are drivingchanging clothes and shoes, putting on makeup, and drinkingmake texting while driving seem downright tame.    Do Fraternities Make Men Behave Badly?   The  R2C  Takeaway:  Instances of indecent, sexist, and racist behavior seem to be the norm in many of the fraternities on college campuses today, and some critics say that an emphasis on hierarchy, superiority and high alcohol consumption encourage this.   Those who support the existence of campus Greek life say that in spite of all the bad we see, the reinforcement of the principles and values that the charters espouse should be emphasized. Road2College Road2College is dedicated to providing families with trustworthy information about college admissions and paying for college. We recognize the two processes are intertwined and our goal is to educate families on all aspects of admissions and funding so they can make smarter college financial decisions. View all posts CATEGORIES Curated Articles TAGS Financial AidFraternitiesNEWER POSTThe Takeaway: Wk of 3/22/15OLDER POSTThe Takeaway Wk of 3/8/15

Analysis Of The Movie Reservoir Dogs - 1961 Words

In Quentin Tarentino’s Reservoir Dogs mise-en-scene is very effective as a narrative tool. More specifically, ‘open formed’ mise-en-scene is used frequently in the film which Is defined as mise-en-scene that, â€Å"emphasises informal, unobtrusive compositions.† (Page 68, Understanding Movies, Louis Gianetti). This, alongside Tarentino’s more stylized and expressive moments (closed form), helps to encapsulate the themes of professionalism, trust and ruthlessness. The importance of trust is displayed throughout the film. A group of men whom do not know each other having to work together to pull off a robbery- trust is essential. The first sign of tension regarding trust comes when Mr White (portrayed by Harvey Keitel) ponders whether to†¦show more content†¦An over the shoulder shot from Mr White’s perspective continues the scene as White and Pink discuss how they can get Mr Orange the medical attention he needs. The camera promptly dollies to a gradual close-up of Mr White, showing him in a trance as he ponders whether to confess that he told Mr Pink his first name. This is obvious to the viewer: the sound of Mr Pink rattling off the various ways in which they would be at risk if they help Mr Orange, the lack of movement from Mr White- frozen as his mind wanders. Mr White discuss that he, not only contemplated taking Mr Orange to the hospital, but even told him his name. The idea that Mr White would consider taking him to th e hospital where he would inevitably be found by the police and potentially coerced into working with the police is mind boggling to the viewer and even more so to Mr Pink. Pink is furious over the contemplation and the fact White told him his name, citing it as a lack of professionalism- foreshadowing Mr Pink’s consistent attribute shown throughout the film. Trust has a limited relationship in the criminal game, too much trust can lead to lack of professionalism and unnecessary risks being taken. As previously mentioned, professionalism is a major theme in the film. This is fully explored via the character Mr Pink. The whole cast have the look of professionals, but Mr Pink is arguably the only one that fights for the professionalShow MoreRelatedTechnique Analysis: Biography of Quentin Tarantino1078 Words   |  4 PagesTechnique Analysis Quentin Tarantino, the man that started from the bottom and rose to the top, he went from a video clerk in his younger days to a box office icon. As a teenager growing up near Los Angeles, Tarantino dropped out of school, hoping to become an actor. But at age 22, the closest hed gotten to show biz was a job as a video store clerk. â€Å"The only thing I ever cared about when I was a kid was movies.† What changed? 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What does vehicle tracking system mean - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 10014 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What does vehicle tracking system mean?" essay for you Create order There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 1. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 2. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 4. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 5. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 6. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 7. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 8. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things.Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 1. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 3. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 4. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 5. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 6. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 7. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 8. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT)1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). 2 way voice communication methods There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 1. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 2. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (b) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 3. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 4. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b)details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. Topology with operation In computer networking, topology refers to the layout of connected devices that arrange the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 1. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity need to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like GPS, RFID, fleet tracking system, VTU, satellite tracking, etc. Among them, I would like to introduce the GPS vehicle tracking system, RFID vehicle tracking system and VTU vehicle tracking unit. There are two tracking system, active and passive. Passive tracking is only record the movement of the vehicle and do not transmit data. But the active tracking is record the location and transmits this to the central control. GPS 8. tracking method The most popular and famous method is Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS can show the accurate location of vehicle and when combine with other communication media like cellular or satellite transmitters. It can provide the electronic maps use internet or special software. 9. accuracy of the tracking method Not all, but certain atmospheric factors and some sources of errors can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers can perform accurately within 15 meters. Todays GPS are extremely accurate because of the parallel multi-channel design. The accuracy of position determined with receiver types. Receiver use Differential GPS, obtains higher accuracy. 3. information given by tracking system Once the users position has been determined, a vehicle tracking system using GPS takes the location, speed, direction and time data provided. The GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. 10. how often information is transmitted form vehicle to central control The information updated automatically every couple of minutes. The system will update the location of your vehicle every five minutes 24/7/365. 11. method of data transmission to center When GPS is set up in the cars, the position of the vehicle is provided based on satellite information and this can constantly update the location. The GPS receiver receives the information from the satellite signal. All the messages sent between vehicle and central control are using mobile network and this can be captured by the central control. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. 12. cost per day There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. The average cost for using GPS per vehicle for a day is about $1.50. All vehicles can reduce at least 25 miles per week using GPS tracking system. Thus we can reduce $37.50 for a week and $1950 for annual. 13. additional services that system provided GPS vehicle tracking system can provide a range of features meaning you can find the ideal system for any situation. In coming days, GPS will be process more readily available not only as a tracking chip, but also as functional software in the cell phone or handheld. However, as the process become efficient, users will be able to access maps and other useful information directly through their phones and handhelds. When taxi drivers are driving to the customers, GPS will be at their side to advise them as to the most direct or fastest route. 14. Limitations of the system GPS can operate in any weather conditions and everywhere, also time is not limited. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. Thus GPS cant do indoor tracking. When you need outdoor tracking, GPS will need to combine with RFID. GPS cant work underground, underwater and indoors. Noise, clouds and other atmospheric phenomena can affect the accuracy of GPS between 1 to 10 meters and up to 30 meters. To overcome interferences, other technology, AGPS, DGPS, and WAAS, has been developed to aid in determining an accurate location. Recommendation The GPS vehicle tracking system can provide best vehicle tracking with secure data transmission. It also can work in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world and anytime. With GPS tracking system, your company can provide two main services you whish to provide to customers with best services. With the use of GPS, you can also check the customer is arrived to the destination or not and that vehicle is available to hire, from the controller. GPS can give not only route information to driver but also other additional features. GPS can estimate time when the taxi will arrive to the customer and show the exact location of vehicle anytime. If the taxi is late, using GPS can find out the problem of why it is. GPS function doesnt have limited number of vehicle that can use. The extension of vehicle is allowed. Using GPS, we can know the actual location of the vehicle and its actually work. Controller can also easy to inform to driver, the nearest location of customer. GPS is the cost ef fective method with faster and reliable tracking system that you should be used. 2. RFID RFID is the Radio Frequency Identification system that can use for tracking various kinds of things. Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called tags. In RFID, uses radio waves to capture data from tags. Also use to track vehicles and give high identification accuracy. 9. The tracking method RFID system needs the tag (may be active or passive), reader (antenna or integrator) and software. The RFID reader transmits the information to the tag and the tag accepts this data. The data collected from tags is passing the communication wireless media and give this data to the computer. Thus, you can view the status and location of mobile resources from anywhere over the internet. 10. Accuracy of the tracking method The RFID reader has a read range 5m to 30m according to the reader type and the technology used, active or passive. It can perform accurately in the given distance with fast reading speed. Automotives can be real-time tracked and data of vehicles can be written at long distance. 11. Information delivered by the tracking system With this RFID vehicle tracking system, car information can be automated gathered to enable vehicle management to be more efficient and safe. This can provide accurate data updated in up-to-minute. The system give tracked vehicle location, speed, and heading in real-time 24/7. And show the location and status of objects on maps, lists or indoor plans. 12. How often the information is transmitted from the vehicle to the central control system Transmission method is totally depend on the wave signal type. Transmission of data can be difficult in the places of wireless connections and network. The wave signal is difficult to download in every minute and thus, data is transmitted to the control centre 5 times in an hour. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request. 13. Method of data transmission from vehicle to centre The tag on the vehicle reflects a small part of this RF energy back to the antenna. The reflected radio waves denote the tags unique identification code and other stored data. To become perfect tracking system, RFID a completely wireless system using WiFi or Ethernet TCP/IP or a combination of the two to send positional data back to the central system with the lowest implementation costs. The antenna relays the signal to the reader, which can add information and stores it in a buffer. The reader can transmit the tags identification code to the customers information management system. And the entire process takes only milliseconds. 14. Cost per vehicle par day of using the system RFID equipment, reader cost about $450 for the whole system according to the use of device. Price of passive tag cost 10 cents and $1 and the active cost more than $20. RFID cost about $6 par day per vehicle. The daily cost is expensive and less effective. Thus, RFID is more expensive and also less functions than GPS. To track the vehicle too far from the country or within the country, we need many work stations. 15. Additional services that the system provided And most of RFID tags can customized to match user requirement function like prevent with appropriate password security authorized staff. In active system, the tags can support additional features such temperature sensing. An active RFID system is viable where the objects to be tracked are higher value, mission critical, have a consequential impact if not quickly located, or there is an additional security, regulatory or health and safety requirement for such information. 16. Limitations of the system And with a read range of up to 15 feet, RFID tag has a unique ID cater for the secure operation of this RFID vehicle tracking system. The distance that a tag can be read by the reading device is a function of the relative strength of the signals. Signal strength depends on the strength of the energy field, the efficiency of the tags to change the energy wave into the RF wave, conditions that can block or interfere with the energy waves (i.e., metal, water) and the sensitivity of the antennas attached to the tag and the reading device. Automatic Vehicle Tacking Unit (AVT) 1. The tracking method The Automatic Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) consists of Vehicle Tracking Units (VTU) mounted on vehicles, Fleet Management System (FMS) at Network Center and a communication network between VTU and the Network Center. The VTU has inbuilt GPS card and necessary firmware for automatic operation. The VTU retrieves the position information of the vehicle at predefined regular intervals and forwards it to the NMS at network center through the communication network. The position data is automatically saved to a database server at network center. The user can view position of vehicles on a map in real-time or in playback modes. 2. Accuracy of the tracking method By using the latest GPS andGSM technology to protect and monitor your vehicle, virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meters. The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours. The network of ATU has ample capability to handle over million of vehicles at a time and ensure the safety of data even in NON-GSM areas for several months. Data accuracy is about 25-30 feet or better. 3. The information delivered by the tracking system The tracking system transmits detailed tabular trip report with date, time, route, location, speed, etc. Can also watch your vehicle moving in real-time on the map, route being traversed, distance covered and at what speed. PC in the vehicle can capture travel data such as direction, speed, duration of stops, and addresses along the route. 4. How often transmitted vehicle to central control Data updating to central control is at intervals ranging from 1 second to 1 hour. Our optimum setting is 10 seconds updates. The data recorder can store over 2,400 hours (100-days) of recorded data. 5. Method of transmission form vehicle to centre The communication network provides the connectivity between the VTU and the Network Center. Typically the VTU is provided with communication hardware based on GSM Technology. It also offer solutions based on Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) as well as MSS+GSM based hybrid solution. 6. Cost per vehicle par day This system can be purchased for 6 months at $30.00 or 12 months at $60.00. Sign up for 12 months of this service for just $5 a month. Tracking hardware is about $200. 7. Additional services The tracking centre operator monitors your vehicle 24 hours per day for unauthorised intrusion, theft, accident, breakdown, panic/assistance, vehicle movement or breach of a predefined Geo -fence boundary. The operator can then perform numerous tasks including; engine immobilisation, unlock doors, advise the police or dispatch security response. Command and control, speed limit, way-points and stoppages, etc can be available and some features like Geofencing Location Tracking, Speed Tracking, SMS alerts, Route Mapping, Way Points Management, vehicle snapshot, route replay can access. You can gather travel details for every city, every turn, and every stop can also display according to the recorder. 8. Limitations of the system The vehicle tracking device VTU is the total security protection and fleet management solution. The device incorporates a covertly installed module (which works and communicates independently) but has the ability to run in conjunction with your local GSM network (DTMF, voice message, SMS, GPRS or GSM modem call). Two way voice communication There is several voice communication methods to communicate, using various types of signals such as radio frequencies, satellite signals. Among them, the most reasonable methods I want to advise you is General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) and Private Mobile Radio (PMR). General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 5. How the method works Among wireless data services General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the most popular one. This provides users with packet data services using the GSM digital radio network. GPRS is hand over communication when GPRS connection travels from one base station to another. The GPRS service joins together multiple speech channels to provide higher bandwidth data connections for GPRS data users. GPRS service is dialed in a similar manner to a standard data call at which point the user is attached and an IP address is allocated and data can flow to and from the Internet until the network unattached. GPRS only uses the medium during times that data is being sent or received. Users have dedicated connections during their entire call (Half duplex). GPRS mobile station registers with the network and connected to voice networks by the mobile switching center, GPRS packets are sent from the base station to what is called a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). 6. legal requirement for operation system The GSM association undertakes to give to the company (a) Non-exclusive, royalty free license to use or deal with the [ x number of copies ] of the GPRS management agreement [numbered x to z] in accordance with the conditions prescribed in this agreement (c) registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system License duration is five years and user is unauthorized to keep copies or photocopies of license agreement. The organization should be the one that manufacture equipment of GSM GPRS standards for use by public telecommunications and these has been tested. The company must be a member of the GSM Association. 7. cost of setting up operating system The cost of GPRS recorder for 1 Unit is about $399 and the license fee is $37.99 per month. In GPRS, users will only pay for the amount of data they actually communicate. The cost of GPRS is $0.01160 per Kb (billed per 20Kb) for unencrypted data and encrypted data cost $0.0058 per kilobyte with no minimum session charge. Users can prepay at $1.20 / $1 per five minutes, $20 per month. A license is valid for five years and renewable. Administrative fee costs 1000 EURO. (1 EURO=1.48$) 8. limitations of each method(interference, range) Each voice circuit in GSM transmits the speech on a secure 14kbps digital radio link between the mobile phone and a nearby GSM transceiver station. Each 14kbps channel may be shared by multiple connected GPRS users (many users will be connected to the network but transmitting very little data). A GPRS user may theoretically use all voice channels on one transceiver (8 * 14 kbps) but radios to support this are not available and the operators will probably reserve at least some channels for voice circuits. As a users data requirements grow, they will use more of the available capacity within that timeslot, and then more available timeslots up to the maximum available or the maximum supported by their device. The connection to the GPRS network is always on, but the device needs to connect to the data terminal. The connection times are of course much lower than dial up. GPRS connection to be ready to use in 7 seconds, while a dial up requires around 35 seconds becoming ready. Public Transmission Mobile Radio a) How each method works? Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR) is the method of two way radio communications and services are provided from a transmitter at a single site called common base station. To become the network that use in the regional, many transmitters are needed to link. Signals go 45 m from the station. PAMR network use channels every available channels from numbers of linked. No need to wait channel make less taking time and efficiency was improved. But PAMR is lack of privacy because all customers are share services with group use. It also dont have license to apply to assign the channels that will be used. But can add function like short interconnection to PSTN. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country There are no legal requirements for operating system. c) Costs of setting up and operating the systems This will only cost the equipment cost. Because this is not the secure communication, you will need to consider problems like eavesdropping and men-in-the-middle. d) Limitations of each method The highest point of any PAMR antenna must no be more than 60 feet above the ground or 20 feet above the highest point of the structure on which it is mounted. The channels authorized to PAMR systems are available on a shared basis only and will not be assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. Those using PAMR transmitters must cooperate in the selection and use of channels in order to reduce interference and make the most effective use of authorized facilities. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) a) how each method works Private Mobile Radio (PMR) or as it is sometimes called Professional Mobile Radio is widely used for businesses as a very convenient way of communicating. It typically refers to sophisticated radio trucking services that provide two-way mobile radio communications for mobile users to connect to PMR voice telephony and data networks.This method is used the half-duplex system. A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the channel for switching.The power of the radio is one of the main factors in determining range. Height is another important factor, as the higher the antenna, the further the radio waves can travel. Mobile Marine Systems provide a comprehensive range of professional private mobile radio (pmr) and radio systems integration services for adding value to your portable communication needs. b) Details of legal requirements for operating the system in your country Radio communication, such as PMR, is frequently used to provide the necessary communication between all the members of the scheme. All such systems using PMR must be licensed and associated legislation. Licenses are allocated for operation on a particular channel or channels. The base station may be run by an operating company who will hire out channels to individual users. PMR licenses can only be issued to a legal entity; namely an individual, partnership, limited company or incorporated association. A license cannot be issued in the name of a body which does not have legal status, e.g. a group formed merely to provide funding for the purchase and running of a Watch scheme. It is common practice for a license to be held by an individual member of the group, however it should be noted that in such cases the license belongs to that individual, who is responsible for compliance with the terms of the license. Should they cease to be a member of the group, a new license will need to be applied for. It is recommended that applicants do not purchase any equipment until a licence schedule has been issued, detailing the frequency and facilities the Agency is prepared to licence. c) costs of setting up and operating the systems 1. A fee of $750 shall be payable for every fixed or base station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 2. A fee of $270 shall be payable for every mobile station on the issue or renewal of the licence. 3. If, during the period of 12 months following the grant or renewal of the licence, (a) new fixed or base stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $62.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence; (b) new mobile stations are added to the licence, there shall be payable at the time of addition of every such station a further fee of $22.5 for each whole month of the remaining term of the licence. d) limitations of each method CTCSS is the most common protection available and is a widespread technology inbuilt into the radio but may not have been activated. If believe you have interference, you should check with your radio supplier that you have CTCSS or a similar system activated on your radios before you contact ComReg. These two types of interference have very similar symptoms within an affected radio system. The most common symptom is reduced range, there are many other common faults that a system can develop that will also result in reduced range. There are many other causes of interference to a PMR system, most of which are generally as a result of improper installation or dated equipment. It is important that you keep your equipment well maintained and serviced regularly. Old equipment should be replaced as some pieces of older equipment operate outside of the specifications laid down in the license conditions. Recommendation GPRS refers to a high-speed packet data technology with always-on connectivity. It can be highly cost effective to use the Internet instead of making long distance phone calls, and in the case of international connections, much more reliable. Although using only GPRS is not secure perfectly, you can add many features to protect your data. The cost is also most reasonable among all methods. GPRS recorders are not expensive as 3G does. License fee is also reasonable and the payment is varying with the use of our company. To set up GPRS in your vehicle and control centre is so easy. GPRS method is not complex to use and all the controllers can handle perfectly with in touch method. It can provide the most suitable features that need for your company. GPRS is the most popular method among all of the voice communication methods in nowadays. What is vehicle tracking system? Vehicle tracking system is to track the vehicles location and its kind of electronic device and need to install in the vehicle. There are many kind of vehicle tracking system like the links and nodes, etc. According to the topology used nodes distances, speed, interconnections for physical are different. The standard topologies of networking are bus ring star tree mesh Hybrid Bus Topology All nodes are connected to the common cable called backbone or trunk in Bus topology. The data are carried by the node to node and only two endpoint (use terminator) connected to the backbone. Distributed bus is has more than one node and formed as branches. When the backbone is damage the network is not usable. Ring Topology In Ring topology the node is connected to two other nodes at the end. Thus, the shape of nodes is formed as ring. Dual-ring is also ring topology formed the double ring and data can flow in opposite directions around two rings. Star Topology Star network topology has one central node connected with many nodes. All data is transmitted to this central node retransmits the data to other nodes. Thus it does not have central connection point. Extended star has repeaters between the hub and nodes. Distributed star is physical star topology connected together in a linear fashion. Tree topology Tree topology is that multiple star topologies together onto a bus and the simplest form is hub connected directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the root of a tree. This topology is the expedition of network. Each node has fixed number connected to lower level like Hierarchy and have at least 3 levels. Mash topology Mesh topologies has two cable paths but the data travel in one direction. This topology is mostly use in WAN network. Each node is connected to other nodes in the network and transmits data from one node to another. Full mesh is costly and complex for practical networks. Partial mash is not complex and expensive as full mash. Hybrid topology The hybrid is used to create the complex networks when networks are connected more than one which based on the same physical topology. 2.Types of media The common types of network media use in networking are twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and wireless media. Actually, network media is used to travel radio signals or electronic signals from one place to another to form a network. But it can not work until you match this with appropriate topology. Coaxial cable Coaxial cable consists of the hollow outer conductor and this is surrounded by the single inner wire made up of two conducting elements where located in the center is the copper cable. Coaxial cable need less distance of cable than twisted-pair cable. Ethernet backbone called Thicknet use higher transmission. Thinnet is weak shield connection. Twist-pair cable Twisted-pair, use in Ethernet network, wires are twisted to protect crosstalk. This type is self-protected and canceling technique is used in this cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) The UTP cable is used in various networks and it include eight individual copper wires, twisted each other. UTP is use for LAN and Ethernets. This can provide the best speed in copper based wires in nowadays. Cable length is short although the transmitting is not fast. Shielded twisted pair (UTP) STP main function is reducing electrical noise of cable, shielding and cancellation by twisting wires. Although the cable is short, it is moderately expensive. But UTP is less expensive than STP. Fiber optic cable Fiber optic cable transmits information by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Fiber optic network can transmit data with high speeds and have a large carrying capacity with great resistance and signals can go further without needing to refresh, lower attenuation and interference. It expensive to install and operate can connect short distance and low bandwidth applications. Wireless communication Wireless communication transmits data using the radio frequencies (RF). The main key controller is the wireless hub called access point. The PC or laptop must have wireless adapter card to receive distribute signal. The signals are electromagnetic waves and can travel through the vacuum of outer space and air. No other physical media is need for wireless signals to create a network. Wireless signals use portions of RF spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data. 2. Recommendation I recommend the star topology with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. Star topology has high force tolerance. If a node is fail, the other nodes can be work until the server is available. It can extend easily. The extendibility of this topology provides the big help in extending new taxi for the company. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is one of the widely use and widely available media. Because of small size, the installation is easy. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. Inexpensive and can get suitable services is also the good advantages for the company. To create the in-house network (LAN) for taxi company, the star topology with UTP media is the best match and the most suitable. I. Security issues relating to transmission of vehicle location data For vehicle tracking system, I recommended the GPS vehicle tracking method. When we need the secure data transmission, we need to prevent the network that we will use. First of all, there are three main requirements to become a secure network. They are the privacy, integrity and availability. The privacy issue is means the un-authorized users are gaining access to the network. There are many problems that we should consider when we consider the network security for transmission of vehicle location data. They are eavesdropping, Man-in-the-Middle. They are the most effective problems for security of vehicle location data transmission. Eavesdropping is the main problem of radio-oriented networks. This is the manner of snooping of information carried by the network. This may be borrowing a terminal whilst the user is away or tapping into the cables that carry the signals. In wireless network, radio frequency can be easily intercepted outside the premises. Thus any unauthorized mobile dev ice can be act as the receiver. Eavesdropping can enable from nearby premises. The hacker may remain undetected as there is no need to physically enter or connect to the premises. Most of the GPS vehicles tracking system use Private Network in the case of transmission data. This is the making of another passageway to transmit data on the Internet as private network. Using private network, we can use encryption and encapsulation technologies. Because of this function, the possibility of problems is already reduced and can provide secure data transmission of vehicle data. II. Voice communication transmission For two way voice communication, I recommended the GPRS. Man-in-the-Middle is also important for security of the network when transmit data. In this case, the third party intercepts a two way conversation. Third party pretends to each party that he is the other party. Eavesdropping and the modification of messages can occur before they received. If you need some secure information transmission, you should use the security protection like verbal instructions, queries can be used. Protection like adding software or system to protect the voice transmission security is need. The controllers respectively should use the password protection to use the central control. But this Internet-based technique does raise an issue of privacy from hackers without using private network. Thus security issues arise when data needs to leave the GPRS network to be delivered to either the Internet or a company LAN. Internet connectivity needs to pay security charge by encrypting. Security features combine with GPRS, your company will get the best vehicle tracking system with 100% security.

The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey - 888 Words

When two characters are so much alike yet so different, it makes a comparison of Gilgamesh and Odysseus an interesting subject. Both stories, â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Odyssey† identify the characters as successful warriors with many adventures to be told. Gilgamesh and Odysseus are human with many god-like qualities. Their perception of immortality, as well as regard for death and the influences of the gods in their lives and adventures, are similar; however, the characters are quite different. Gilgamesh was two-thirds God and one-third human with no regards for the subjects he ruled. He mostly did as he pleased by taking advantage of his subjects, especially abusing women; therefore, he was feared rather than respected by his subjects. The gods of heaven declared, â€Å"Gilgamesh would leave no girl to her mother! The warrior’s daughter, the young man’s spouse, goddesses kept hearing their plaints† (Gilgamesh 60). The great physi cal abilities that Gilgamesh inherited from his immortal parent gave him an advantage in all of his endeavors. The fact that he had very few successful adversaries caused him to be arrogant and displeasing to his subjects. Odysseus was also a successful warrior, but his personality, unlike Gilgamesh, was more accommodating to his subjects, making him a well-respected ruler. Odysseus’s old friend, Mentor, who had been in charge of Odysseus’s home in his absence, stated, â€Å"For all that any of Odysseus’ people remember him, a godly king as kind asShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odysseus both are poems that have since early times been viewed as stories that teach the reader valuable life lessons, almost like a self-help book in today’s society. They both teach a lot of the same general lessons but there are some key similarities and differences throughout both works. Such as pe rseverance, and the inevitability of death are both lessons that are taught in each poem but they are presented to the reader through different interpretations. In theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagestaken by characters as a tool to exhibit the alteration of the character’s nature. Examples of such can be found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey. The journeys undertaken in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were transformative experiences for the characters in each and provided valuable cultural insights to the audience. At the start of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the arrogant ruler of the city Uruk. He is obsessed with immortality, which can be seen in the description of himRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the realm of epic poetry, and hero-like characters in literature, the two works The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared and contrasted in different ways. The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared as expressions of searches for the meaning of life through knowledge. The two stories are somewhat mirrors in this manner. Throughout each story, the characters Odysseus and Gilgamesh show growth and change. The Odyssey can be summed up by stating how the greatRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1765 Words   |  8 Pagesand how their values have been passed down and evolved over time. The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey are both considerable representations of not only their unique cultures that set the very foundation of both civilization and storytelling, but also for their similar and different aspects of what they considered to be a hero. The most familiar structure to mythological stories such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey is that of a â€Å"tragic plot†. A tragic plot is a perfect plot that is connectedRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1487 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary pieces. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, water is used as a symbol that represents complex ideas, and it plays a significant role throughout both literary pieces. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, water is mainly used to symbolize life and death as well as rebirth or baptism. In several of Gilgamesh’s dreams water is used as a symbol that represents life. An example of this is when Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey into the forest to kill Humbaba. In one dream Gilgamesh dreams that Enkidu andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh And Odyssey Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesmisogyny into stone. There are some exceptional cases in the famous epic poems, the Epic of Gilgamesh of the Sumerians and Akkadians and the Odyssey from Homer of the Greeks. We all can agree that these epic poems or at most the authors did not view women with our modern perspective – equality among gender. However, we cannot deny that female characters helped set the path of the epic heroes’ journey to their goals. In these epic poems, women are portrayed as figures and themes of knowledge, motherhoodRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh84 7 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey and The Epic of Gilgamesh (Similarities and Differences) Both The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two incredible stories written long ago everyone knows this but what a lot of people dont is that these two epics share many of the same concepts. Such as the nostro (the Greek term for homecoming), xenis (guest/host relationship), oikos (household), and aganoriss (recognition). In both epics these themes are illustrated. In The Odyssey the theme of nostro is very prevalentRead MoreThe Iliad, Odyssey, And Epic Of Gilgamesh1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad, Odyssey, and Epic of Gilgamesh all demonstrate the transformational process of their respective epic heroes through their strengths and weaknesses. Epic heroes such as Achilles, Odysseus, and Gilgamesh all possessed superior qualities that separated them from other individuals. Although their incredible abilities may support the societal perception of strong leadership, their weaknesses caused these characters to hold vices that went against the cultural expectations of what a strong leaderRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf854 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, â€Å"The Odyssey†, and â€Å"Beowulf†, the readers notice how society defines each main character by their heroic characteristics, the relationship between the humans and the divine, a nd the differences of how each hero’s journey ends. Gilgamesh, Oedipus, Odysseus, and Beowulf display several characteristics classifying themselves as heroes. In the story of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is â€Å"two-thirds divine and one-third human† (Gilgamesh, par 2). He displaysRead MoreSymbolism : The Epic Of Gilgamesh, And The Odyssey870 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew Bible, and The Odyssey, symbolism plays a major role in understanding a piece of literature’s true intentions. This would explain the abundance of distinct character features, exaggerated scenarios, and countless approaches to new, bigger problems in these tales. But one of the most favored approaches to symbolism and interpretations seems to be through the way of dreams. Due to their unpredictable nature, dreams allow authors to take

Breast Cancer A Common Malignancy - 1204 Words

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the UK, accounting for 15% of all diagnosed cancers, affecting around 50,000 women and 350 men, leading to just under 12,000 deaths in 11/12.1,2 The risk of getting breast cancer is linked to increased age, gender genetics (BRCA 1 BRCA 2 gene mutations). Lifestyle factors that also increase the incidence of breast cancer (around 27% each year) are; Oestrogen exposure, being overweight/obese, high alcohol intake, tobacco smoke, oral contraceptives and certain hormonal replacement therapies.2,3,4 Although the incidence of breast cancer is increasing, mortality rates are declining due to better treatment and screening, and earlier detection.4,5 Patients are being made more aware of the†¦show more content†¦Her previous medical history shows that she previously had ER+, HER2+ stage one breast cancer. Following a chemotherapy regimen of 4 x FEC-100 cycles, she was prescribed adjuvant Tamoxifen hormonal therapy for five years, which is shown to decrease the probability of breast cancer recurrence.10 Mrs. Smith’s respiratory complaints are diagnosed as a lung metastasis (advanced breast cancer, stage IV), upon which, her consultant decided to adhere to NICE guidelines and start her on Anthracycline chemotherapy, particularly, liposomal Doxorubicin.11 A study conducted by the CAELYX Breast Cancer Study Group (O’Brien et al.)12 aimed to demonstrate that pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin (PLD) was no less inferior to conventional Doxorubicin in leading to progression-free survival, whilst being markedly less cardiotoxic, when used as first line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. They conducted a randomized trial on 509 female patients, who received either 50mg/m2 PLD every four weeks, or Doxorubicin 60mg/m2 every three weeks. The inclusion criteria for the study was: females 18 years or older with a WHO performance status of ≠¤2 and measurable or evaluable, stages 3B or 4 metastatic breast cancer.13 Normal renal cardiac LVEF, haematological and hepatic functions were required. Exclusion criteria were; patients who had a history of ICH or LVEF below normal ranges. Overall risk of cardiotoxicity

Sigmund Freud And Carl Jung - 1830 Words

Lonnie Spears Professor Dianne Owsley General Psychology July 15, 2015 Freud vs. Jung â€Å"One repays a teacher badly if one remains only a pupil. And why, then, should you not pluck at my laurels? You respect me; but how if one day your respect should tumble? Take care that a falling statue does not strike you dead! You had not yet sought yourselves when you found me. Thus do all believers -- Now I bid you lose me and find yourselves; and only when you have all denied me will I return to you.† (Nietzsche Quoted by Jung to Freud, 1912), [McGuire, 1974] Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung became friends in 1907 during what were turning points in both of their lives. There was a twenty-year age gap between the two men, Freud being fifty-one and†¦show more content†¦Through Jung’s studies on word association, Freud was able to further link to experimental psychology. He was then able to express his ideas about the psychodynamics of culture and religion (Gay, 1988; Jones, 1955; Kerr, 1993). The relationship was not without benefits for Jung. Jung was able to broaden his thoughts on the etiology and treatment of neurosis and psychosis. This gave Jung a political card to play in the international psychoanalytical movement. Upon meeting Freud, Jung was already a promising psychiatrist with a gift for psychological research. He was a prestigious junior appointment at one of the top centers in Europe that treated psychotic disorders before meeting Freud. (Kerr, 1993). In 1913, Jung had broken away from Freud and was by then internationally known for original contributions to clinical psychology and for his leadership of the psychoanalytic movement. In 1912, Jung authored a book called Transformations and Symbols of Libido (Jung 1912). This marked his independence from the movement. The reasons for the break-up between Freud and Jung is many, but their contradicting views in their science were likely the crumbling of their foundation. (Billinsky, J.M. (1969) Jung and Freud: The End of a Romance) The Unconscious Mind: Jung and Freud had different concepts of the